However, several large randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that the amount of calories delivered in the first week of ICU stay does not influence clinical outcomes including survival, , ], nor functional recovery. It is generally accepted, based on robust clinical trials, that the enteral delivery of nutrition is at least equivalent to parenteral when looking at survival outcomes. The delivery of EN is recommended in international guidelines for the majority of critically ill patients. catecholamines, opiates) and nutritional factors including the volume, caloric density, macronutrient composition, and osmolality of enteral nutrition (EN). trauma, burns, and neurological disease), medications (e.g. female sex, advanced age), medical diagnoses (e.g. įactors that have been implicated to increase the risk of GI dysfunction in critical illness include patient demographics (e.g. It is associated with worse clinical outcomes including prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation, , ], Intensive Care Unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), and mortality. Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is common in critically ill patients, presenting as both upper (regurgitation, vomiting, large gastric residual volumes (GRV)) and lower (abdominal distension, diarrhoea, constipation) GI symptoms.

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